“Black Jack”
General John Joseph Pershing
John Joseph Pershing is without a doubt one of the most influential military leaders the world has ever seen. He is one of the most distinguished individuals to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point.
General Pershing participated in the Spanish–American War, the Philippine–American War, the Russo–Japanese War and the Mexican Revolution before leading the American Expeditionary Force in World War I. One of his first assignments was an officer in the 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiment, which was one of the original Buffalo Soldiers units. This led to the nickname “Black Jack” which stuck with him throughout his career.
Tragedy struck in 1915 while Pershing was stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas. His wife, Helen, and their three young daughters all perished in a fire at the Presidio near San Francisco. Only a son survived the awful blaze. This, of course, brought terrible sadness into Pershing’s life.
At the beginning of World War I, Pershing was promoted to general and appointed as the head of the American Expeditionary Force. He believed in full frontal attacks with overwhelming numbers, which may have increased casualties and was criticized by some. However, the major victories came under Pershing’s direction. Pershing was against an armistice and argued for an unconditional surrender. Later many judged Pershing had been correct in his judgment.
Pershing was named General of the Armies of the United States, the only individual to obtain that rank while still alive. It is the highest rank bestowed on any military personnel. In 1921 he became Chief of Staff of the United States Army.
Pershing received many honors during his life and after his death in 1948. Many streets, buildings, and even counties have been named after him. Missouri is proud to call him a native son.
